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AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY.—A. i. Kroeber and Robert H. Lowie, 


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' Vol. 2. 


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1.. Life and Culture of the Hupa, by Pliny Earle Goddard. od 1-88, ‘plates 

1-300 “Beptentber) FOO so ee eae Nea a eee seks 

2. Hupa Texts, by Pliny Earle Goddard. Pp. 89-368, March, 1904 
Index, pp, 369-378, 

1. The Exploration of the Potter Creek Cave, by William J. Sinclair. Pp, 


oe: eowenncoseeces. 


1.27: plates i-14.-s April. 1904 i ek oe Oe ee 

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8. Types of Indian Culture in California, by A. L. ‘Kroeber. Pp. 81-103. June, 
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April, 1906222, a AS Se a ea 2 = es eee 
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ncoqconeneee yang 


THE STEGE MOUNDS AT RICHMOND, 
CALIFORNIA 


BY 
LLEWELLYN L. LOUD 





c hi 


UNiversITY oF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS IN AMERIC 
AND ErHNouocy. Vol. 17, No. 6, pp. 35: 

plates 18, 19, 1 figure in text — 

Tssued September 19, 1924 


' 


THE STEGE MOUNDS AT RICHMOND, 
CALIFORNIA 


BY 
LLEWELLYN L. LOUD 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 
Cree VOMM AITO ESIZG7 OL et MGR MOUT Sse). .s see ee cre ea ca eo eteces noes sdeaeeie-aeiaits 355 
Sr EOOR LOMB OTe L Men Il OUN GS ees ss ete cet eee ee ete a, eee ht es 358 
[SRRPGUT, TROVE WHA S eal oe eles I ees Ree RED othe Od eee eee es ee Pee 360 
MRR nM GT) TLC asc pec Se Bes ee Ss ee ee Ate nen ecto ela 361 
TESTU SERNA COME RACING ac SR le ae SA OP ee a pr ee A 361 
TEU ORES) — ancatene ates e AULD PU AE ee Ee ne eg ROT VT aS oe eer Na ee i? 362 
TAGREGE: TIE Daa a Wns es pak a eee ek eRe ee AiR ee SR Geka Co) paee ae Ran ae ea 363 
FEMeUCL Brn del anS fOl) OS pea, ee eset ee a et ne Lepr Rae ee hs Ree etn a 365 
SORT TENN) Si OIC Sper er ee ER US Ls pee Pa eee Me ae ee ee 365 
0 OES ey GRR UAT) | Mp ena aie RINE 20 ie nee en aaa Ee ape onsite Seer eee 366 
COMICON ES OWANGID: ap.cches a2 Asa ses eee ae teas 5 SE Dea 8 Fe he Ae Oe RN ees Pal SS 367 
SaaS FRYERS HGS TOCES oe tore cso pac deca beoyesacg ane cals tan deveceennabentuetonaaes aoe Aen rear fe 367 
CCHONTW EONS, NEES I ake Nea 5 Re ee rt oo nn es Oe ea Re AME 368 

PLATES 
eee LO TOTS CANE (PCS LEB oon cece cade oes isn desmraegan dedig sce tevens anapeeace eres 370 
ia eh CMTC MEE PA TIIST ON CS ese en ee 372 
FIGURE IN TEXT 

Rem REE RELI EOL LOLS TOUTS ges gsc goede ne ec ch ep tee Sac encase Sr 357 


LOCATION AND SIZE OF THE MOUNDS 


The Oakland—Richmond. beaches.—Directly opposite the outlet of 
San Francisco bay, from Point Richmond on the north to Goat island 
on the south, lies an area 6 miles long and 3.5 miles wide, where the 
depth of water does not exceed 12 feet at low tide.1 This area was 
excellent for fishing in primitive times, as is proved by the number of 
net sinkers found in mounds on the shore. Some of the largest shell- 
mounds of the bay region occupied this stretch of shore, not altogether 
because the fishing there was good and the extensive tide flats suitable 
for obtaining mollusks, but rather because these advantages were not, 
as in many other tracts, counterbalanced by the disadvantage of wide 
areas of marsh lands. 

1 Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., xiv, 20, 1914, gives the area of San Francisco bay 


as 400 square miles exclusive of Suisun bay, Carquinez straits, and several large 
salt-water estuaries. 


356 University of California Publcations in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol.17 


The largest mound, that at Ellis Landing, at the foot of Eleventh 
street, Richmond, had a diameter of about 475 feet, and was probably, 
in former times, at least 30 feet deep. Excavations have been made 
and the results published by Nelson.? One mile to the east, at Stege, 
within the city limits of Richmond, le several moderate-sized mounds, 
which are dealt with in the present paper. Near the center of the 
Oakland—Richmond beach, at West Berkeley, about 444 miles from 
Ellis Landing, is a large mound, 20 feet in depth. This mound has 
been excavated, but the results are as yet unpublished. About 2 miles 
farther south is the Emeryville mound, 310 feet in diameter and 
32 feet in depth, described by Uhle.* Other mounds in the vicinity* 
are not mentioned in this paper. 

The Harborgate tract.—In the autumn of 1915, a real estate com- 
pany laid out the streets and did the grading on the Harborgate tract 
in the city of Richmond and the writer, aided by Mr. Leonard 
Outhwaite, spent sixteen days watching the operations of plow and 
seraper as they leveled one of the Stege mounds at the foot of Twenty- 
fifth street and part of a larger mound at the foot of Twenty-seventh 
street. Only two men, with a single team of horses, were engaged in 
removing the mounds; consequently their work extended over a 
number of months. Operations had proceeded several weeks before 
the writer arrived, and were continued until both mounds were 
entirely leveled. About 550 artifacts—only a part—were secured, 
including perhaps 150 beach specimens washed out of the larger 
mound at high tides. Between 1910 and 1914, the writer had collected 
about 50 objects on the beach, and in 1922, 300 additional specimens 
were obtained.° 

Mound no. 300.—According to the system of numbering the shell- 
mounds of San Francisco bay initiated by Nelson and adopted by the 
Department of Anthropology,® the larger mound of the Stege. or 
Harborgate tract is number 300. It indicates the block bounded by 
Twenty-seventh street, Montgomery street, Twenty-eighth street, and 
the present water front (fig. 1). The mound was elliptical in outline 
SN. & Nelson, The Ellis Landing Shellmound, this series, vil, 357-426, 1910. 


3 Max Uhle, The Emeryville Shellmound, this series, vir, 1-106, 1907. 

4 See figure 1, also the map in N. C. Nelson, Shellmounds of the San Francisco 
Bay Region, this series, vil, 301-356, 1909. 

5N. C. Nelson, The Ellis Landing Shellmound, op. cit., 365, states that, in 
the course of twenty years, the shore at the Ellis Landing mound has been 
eroded to a width of about 200 feet by wave action. This is perhaps due to 
gradual subsidence. 

6 Part of the numbers are shown on the map in N. C. Nelson, Shellmounds of 
the San Francisco Bay Region, op. cit. 


1924 | . Loud: The Stege Mounds at Richmond, California 357 


with the long axis of 475 feet parallel to the shore. The minor 
diameter before erosion of one side by high tides was probably not 
greatly in excess of 350 feet. Because of the transporting effect of the 
waves, there was a small shell bar near the eastern end of the mound. 

Near the center of the mound, and at about its highest point, the 
writer and Mr. Outhwaite excavated a shaft some 5 feet in diameter 


Es 
SEAVER AVE. 


§ 
BS 
i : 


BATTERY ST. 


MONTGOMERY S 


Dotted line of mound no. 297 on the Owens tract indicates area of shell after 
leveling by real estate operations; broken line shows approximate original area 
of the mound. Dotted line of mound no. 300 incloses area which was partially 
removed previous to archaeological work. A, Test hole, 20 in. depth of black 
marsh muck to level of salt water. B, 3 ft. of shell to salt water. C, 20 in. of 
shell to clay. D, Shaft, 9 ft. of shell to clay and 11.5 ft. to water level. Solid 
line E—F, bounds of high tides, 1922. Broken line E—-F, approximate bounds of 
high tides, 1915. Mound no. 298, the smaller Stege mound, leveled 1915. 











29 th St 





ee 


FIG. 1. MAP OF STEGE MOUNDS 


in order to determine the depth of the shell deposit. This was found 
_to be 9 feet. The definitely marked bottom was clay. Water was 
encountered after digging through 214 feet of the clay. The water 
was at approximately sea level, as the fluctuation with the tide was 
not great. 

Mound no. 298.—The smaller mound, at the foot of Twenty-fifth 
street, measured about 240 by 160 feet. A shaft was dug near the 


358 University of California Publcations in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol.17 


center, but the bottom of the shell deposit was somewhat indistinct. 
A sample taken at a depth of 6 feet is a black muck containing a 
slight amount of shell. Whether the black material is an Indian 
deposit or not, it is safe to say that the entire depth of the mound did 
not exceed 7 feet. A sample of pure clay was obtained at a depth of 
8 feet. 

Mound no. 297.—Another shellmound, leveled before 1915, was 
situated in the Owens addition, across a small salt-water slough, two 
or three hundred feet north of mound no. 300. To judge from the 
scattered shell, it possibly covered nearly as much area as no. 298, 
though probably it was not so deep. 

Mound no. 299.—To the south of Hamilton avenue, between 
Twenty-ninth and Thirtieth streets, about 500 feet to the northeast of 
mound no. 300, is a fourth site. It covers an area of about 350 by 
250 feet, paralleling the head of a small slough between mounds 
nos. 800 and 298. The deposit, which is largely black dirt with a 
limited amount of shell, is probably more than 3 feet deep, as an 
uprooted tree near the northeast perimeter reveals a deposit 2 feet 
in depth. 

No further report is made here on mounds nos. 297 and 299. 


COMPOSITION OF THE MOUNDS 


Shell.—Although the proportion of each molluscan species would 
appear to be about the same for the two Stege mounds, there are some 
differences. The principal constituent of both mounds was mussel 
shell (Mytilus edulis) with smaller quantities of bent-nosed clam 
(Macoma nasuta), oyster (Ostrea lurida), heart-shell (Cardiuwm 
corbis), and a few rarer species.’ It was found in digging the shaft 
in the larger mound that there was much less clam and more oyster 
shell at a depth of 3 to 5 feet than in the upper 3 feet. In fact, oyster 
shell was rare in the upper 3 feet, but continued in considerable 
abundance below that depth to the bottom. However, mussel was the 
principal constituent at all depths. 

Calcined shell was not observed in the larger mound. Neither 
were ashes conspicuous, except for one streak 2 inches in thickness 
The only species especially noticed were: 24 specimens of a univalve, 
Purpura crispata; 4 specimens of large mussel, Mytilus californianus; and 3 
specimens of abalone, Haliotis rufrescens. In excavations at the Ellis Landing 
mound still other species were encountered. See N. ©. Nelson, op. cit., 376. 
E. W. Gifford, Composition of California Shellmounds, this series, x1, 1-29, 


1916, shows that the typical mounds of San Francisco bay, like those described 
in the present paper, contain about 30 to 40 per cent of mussel. 


1924 ] Z Loud; The Stege Mounds at Richmond, California 359 


close to the bottom, at a depth of 9 feet. On the other hand, patches 
of ashes and calcined shell were numerous in the smaller mound. In 
one bed of calcined shell and ashes 8 or 10 feet in diameter about 2 feet 
below the surface, there were 70 lumps of baked pink clay moulded 
in small mussel shells. This clay might possibly have served as a paint 
of poor quality. 

Human bones.—Skeletal material was abundant in the larger 
mound, but almost entirely lacking in the smaller. There was an 
abundance of calcined shell in the smaller mound, so that possibly 
cremation of the dead was here resorted to. The larger mound showed 
one case of probable cremation, the incomplete skeleton of a young 
person, no. 12-3448. The bones were found in a heap and show slight 
signs of calcination. 

Mammal bones.—Both mounds held a fair abundance of mammal 
bones, principally from marine mammals such as seals and sea otter, 
with a trifling representation of deer, coyote, and other land mammals. 
Among the rarer bones was a large whale vertebra found in the 
larger mound.$ 

Bird bones.—Bird bones are of interest because of their unusual 
numerical importance in the smaller mound. They were so plentiful 
that only a small proportion was saved. About a third of those 
brought to the University consisted of ulnae, radii, and tibiae whose 
ends had been broken off. These are the bones most commonly used 
for making beads and whistles. Examination of the collections from 
other mounds reveals that these bones usually have the extremities 
broken off.° 

Fish bones.—Only 17 specimens of fish bones were large enough to 
attract attention and be saved. However, the presence of fish bones 
in any mound is best revealed in the finer siftings of material. That 
the larger mound was preéminently the location of a fishing village is 
proved by the large quantities of net sinkers, 61 per cent of all 
artifacts being such implements. As relatively fewer sinkers but many 
more bird bones were found in the smaller mound, an interesting 
contrast of mode of life is apparent. 

Rocks and pebbles.—If a study of all the San Francisco bay 
mounds should be made from the viewpoint of a geologist, it is prob- 


8 For a list of mammal species represented in the neighboring mounds at Ellis 
Landing and Emeryville, see N. C. Nelson, op. cit., 378; Max Uhle, op. cit., 18. 

9 Immense quantities of both bird and mammal bones are to be found in the 
Emeryville mound, but the only species of birds identified are geese, the canvas- 
back duck (Aythya valllisneria), and the cormorant (Phalaerocoras). See Max 
Uhle, op. cit., 18. Five artifacts from Stege were made from radii and ulnae of 
pelicans. 


360 , University of California Publeations in Am. Arch. and Ethn.  [Vol. 17 


able that each mound would reflect the character of the rocks to be 
found within a radius of less than five miles. Few regions show a 
greater variety of either sedimentary or igneous rocks, and mounds 
no farther apart than Emeryville and Stege apparently differ con- 
siderably. As an example of the multiplicity of rocks in this region, 
the creek bed at the mouth of Wildcat canon, three miles from the 
mounds here described, is littered with boulders of all sizes up to 
twelve feet in diameter. In a space less than 500 feet long rhyolite, 
greenstone schist, serpentine, actinolite, glaucophane schist, quartz, 
calcite, and other minerals are readily found. These as well as other 
varieties are present in quantities on the beach, where they have been 
washed out by the tides. They are for the most part uninjured by fire, 
a condition in marked contrast to the burnt stones found on the beach 
at Ellis Landing. No fireplaces or heaps of cooking stones were found 
at Stege, though such are commonly met with in other mounds. In 
the shaft of the larger Stege mound small pebbles were abundant 
from the top to the bottom. 


HUMAN REMAINS 


In the smaller mound, only 8 human bones are known to have been 
found. These include 2 adult femora, 2 adult humeri, and 2 infant 
bones. But in the few days of plow operations observed in the larger 
mound the skeletons of 11 individuals were exposed and 5 others were 
revealed by the digging and caving in of the shaft. Of these one case 
is of special interest. 


Incomplete skeleton, no, 12-3445, of a person about 20 years old, with a 
diseased left femur, due to a wound in the hip bone, half an inch from the 
socket, where there is a fragment of imbedded obsidian. The obsidian point 
is broken off even with the bone, the dimensions of the exposed surface being 
5 by 8mm. An X-ray picture of the bone indicates that it was penetrated by 
the arrow point to the depth of 13 mm. The arrow, at the time of striking, 
was descending at an angle of about 30 degrees from the horizontal. The con- 
dition of the bone surrounding the socket, as well as the condition of the head 
of the femur, indicates that the person lived possibly a year after he was 
wounded.1° <A fragment of charmstone and 4 large obsidian knives were in 
association with this skeleton. 


10 At the Ellis Landing mound, at a depth of 11 feet, was found a left femur, 
no. 12-2340, which had also been pierced by an implement of obsidian that had 
broken off even with the posterior surface of the great trochanter. The imple- 
ment had a thickness of 6 mm., a width of 19 mm., and an X-ray picture 
indicates that it penetrated the bone to a depth of about 35 mm. The bone 
was fractured to a length of 5 cm. and, as there is no sign of healing, it is 
evident that the person soon succumbed to his wound. As in the above- 
mentioned hip bone, the implement (probably an arrow, but possibly a spear) _ 
entered at a downward angle of about 30 degrees from the horizontal, and both 
persons seem to have been in flight, as the implements entered from behind. 
See Pope in this series, XII, pl. 64. 


1924 Loud: The Stege Mounds at Richmond, California 361 
d 


IMPLEMENTS OF BONE 


Nearly all of the bone implements came from the smaller mound. 
They consist of 7 deer (?) bone awls, 1 awl-like fish bone, 11 tubular 
bird bone beads from 23 to 160 mm. long and from 4 to 20 mm. in 
diameter, 1 bead of marine mammal bone, 2 whistles 7 mm. in diameter 
and 75 to 90 mm. in length, and 2 objects meriting description. 

Scraper.—For this implement was utilized the scapula of a deer. 
It has a dozen notches on one of its edges and perhaps had as many 
on the other edge before a portion of the bone was broken off. Uhle 
found a dozen such fragmentary notched bones at Emeryville and 
described them at some length, remarking on their wide distribution 
in other parts of the world.‘ Since then, the University has obtained 
other specimens from the bay shellmounds and from central Nevada. 
A Northern Paiute Indian states that scapulae were used both for 
scraping wooden awls and arrow foreshafts, and for seraping the hair 
from skins. 

Rectangular slab.—This object was made of whale bone. It is 
128 mm. long, 48 mm. wide, and varies from 5 to 8 mm. in thickness. 
It is entirely flat on one side, while the other side has a portion of its 
face flattened. Such an object might have been used for abrading 
wood, as the cellular structure of the bone imparts roughness. 


IMPLEMENTS OF STONE 


The number of specimens of each class of fragmentary or com- 
plete stone objects in the larger mound is as follows, the figures in 
parentheses referring to the smaller mound. 


Chipped implements: obsidian knives, 9; obsidian arrow point, 1; worked 
obsidian, 1; white flint knife, 1. 

Sinkers: girdled, 304, (6); 2-notch, 192 (3); 3-notch, 26; 4-notch, 3; 1-notch, 
2; anchor, LL, 

Pestles: cylindrical, 23; tapering, 8, (3); for paint, 4, (1); crude, 5; frag- 
ments, 53, (4). 

Mortars: food, 24, (4); paint, 4 (1); pitted stones, 3. 

Various: hammer stones, 21, (2); worked globular stones, 35, (3); charm- 
stones, 42 (2); worked greenstone schist, 21; whetstones, 31; problematical and 
miscellaneous objects, 15, (1). 

Total, stone objects, larger mound, 829; smaller mound, 30. 


No obsidian refuse was found in the mounds, nor any chert flakes 
such as are numerous in the Emeryville mound.’* Evidently the 


11 Max Uhle, op. cit., pp. 76-78, pl. 9, fig. 17, 1907. See also N. C. Nelson, 
The Ellis Landing Shellmound, op. ctt., 393, pl. 46, fig. 6, 1910. 


12 Max Uhle, op. cit., pl. 6, 1907. 


362 University of California Publcations in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol.17 


Stege mounds were not sites for manufacturing chipped implements, 
perhaps because suitable materials were scarce in the immediate 
vicinity. 


' SINKERS 


The larger mound yielded 527 sinkers, 82 of them fragmentary. 
The largest, the smallest, and an average-sized specimen of the various 
types are illustrated on plate 18. The specimens range in weight 
from 125 to 760 grams, the average being 284 grams (10 oz.). Those 
with two notches run about a tenth lighter than the three-notched or 
girdled ones. 

Girdled sinkers.—In form, the girdled sinkers may generally be 
described as of oval shape or at least rather ‘thickish’ elliptical. A 
few, about two dozen in number, are thin elliptical pebbles, such as 
are commonly notched on opposite edges. In general, the groove is 
very slight, barely sufficient to keep an encircling cord from slipping, 
provided it be tightly tied. In all, there were scarcely a half-dozen 
in which the groove was of any great depth. Three of the more 
deeply notched ones are shown on plate 18. With a single exception 
(pl. 18, fig. 5), the groove is always transverse to the major axis. 

Two-notch sinkers——While the girdled type inclines toward 
spherical or oval shape, the two-notched type tends more to the disk 
or flat elliptical shape. About a third of the two-notched sinkers are 
flat, parallel-sided ellipses, a third are somewhat oval in shape, and 
the remainder between the two extremes. Typical shapes and notch- 
ings are shown on plate 18, figures 1 and 8. Figure 10 shows a unique 
form. It is parallel-sided and rectangular. Like all other sinkers, it 
is a Stone just as found in nature, except that two opposite edges have 
been shaped by pecking. Figure 9 shows the largest specimen, 597 
grams (21 oz.). It is unusually deeply notched. One specimen, 
no. 1-23441, is a fragment broken from the side of a pestle. 

Three and four-notched sinkers.—The sinkers having three notches 
are natural sandstone pebbles somewhat triangular in cross-section. 
Similarly the few four-notch sinkers are rectangular in cross-section. 

Material.—All the sinkers described above, as well as the 82 frag- 
mentary specimens, are natural, unfashioned pebbles, generally of 
sandstone or dense, granular, igneous rock, hard to distinguish in some 
eases from sandstone. Undoubtedly some are basalt. The colors vary 
from gray to almost black, with occasionally a bluish tinge. Specimens 


1924 | Loud: The Stege Mounds at Richmond, California 363 


of exceptional material include: 4 of granitic igneous rock, 2 of 
rhyolite, 1 of vesicular basalt, 2 of quartzite, 3 of greenstone schist, 
1 of glaucophane schist, 1 of limestone, and 1 of silica-carbonate rock. 

Problems regarding fishing—The sinkers described above are 
heavy in weight in comparison with those from other regions.'* Hence 
they introduce a problem as to how far out into the bay the fishermen 
ventured with craft no more substantial than bundles of bulrushes. 
The sinkers appear to indicate that they went well out even where the 
current was strong. 

In connection with the area of shallow water off the Oakland- 
Richmond beach, it is also of interest to note that the West Berkeley 
mound, occupying a central position, contains an abundance of net 
sinkers, while the Emeryville mound near the south end of the stretch 
has almost none, and the Ellis Landing mound at the northern 
extremity comparatively few. The sinkers from West Berkeley 
average considerably smaller than those from Stege. 

One specimen of sandstone, shaped much like the small sinker 
shown as figure 4 of plate 18, is, because of its weight (3940 grams), 
considered an anchor. The dimensions are 235, 103 and 103 mm. It 
is roughly rectangular in cross-section and is girdled on three sides. 


PESTLES AND MORTARS 


Short cylindrical pestles—The prevailing type of pestle in the 
larger mound is short and cylindrical. The lengths of 22 specimens 
vary from 80 to 155 mm., with an average of 112. The diameter varies 
from 52 to 74 mm., with an average of 62. Most of the pestles were 
used equally on both ends, which are usually rather flat, although in 
several specimens they are somewhat rounded. This short cylindrical 
type of pestle has been found in neighboring mounds, although prob- 
ably no mound can produce specimens so numerous or so short as those 
from Stege. 

Tapering pestles——All the specimens of tapering type of any great 
degree of completeness are shown on plate 18. Their dimensions are 
given in the explanation of the plate. They will be seen to have a 
great variety of form, figure 15 being very short and figure 12 of a 
“48D, L. Loud, Ethnogeography and Archaeology of the Wiyot Territory, this 
series, XIV, 364, 387, 1918, states that 50 Humboldt bay specimens range in 
weight from 1.1 to 5.5 ounces (31 to 156 grams), while the heaviest of 42 speci- 


mens from the ocean coast near the mouth of Mad river weighs only 7.5 ounces 
(213 grams). 


364 University of California Publcations in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol.17 


unique, bulging form, tapering toward both ends. Figure 20, although 
incomplete, is the longest specimen in the collection. 

Paint pestles—There are 5 pestles which because of small size are 
to be considered paint or medicine pestles. Figure 17 of plate 18 is 
apparently a naturally shaped pebble of sandstone, although of 
unusually attenuated form. Figures 14 and 18 show a tapering form. 
They could have been used at either end. No. 1—23282 is an elongated 
pebble, 107 mm. in length, of poor grade sandstone, with indications 
of use at one end. It was found in association with body no. 12-3443. 
No. 1—23682 is somewhat large for a paint pestle—122 mm. in length 
and 50 mm. in diameter. It was used on one end only, and is of blue 
glaucophane schist. 

Material—Of the 101 complete and fragmentary pestles about half 
appear to be sandstone. Nearly as many are of some granular rock, 
which approaches the texture of compact basalt, but is often somewhat 
lighter in color. Four specimens (figs. 12, 13, 15, 21 of pl. 18) are 
unusually light in color and of granite-like compactness. One of these 
was identified by Professor Andrew C. Lawson as arkose sandstone— 
that is, sandstone derived from the disintegration of granite, and 
consequently rich in feldspar. Three specimens are of a blue glauco- 
phane schist such as covers about three square miles of the adjacent 
hills. Two specimens (pl. 18, fig. 16) are of greenstone schist. One 
specimen (fig. 11) is a brown, vesicular andesite. 

Mortars——One large mortar of basalt, broken into 7 fragments, 
was found in the smaller mound at a depth of several feet.- A restora- 
tion showed the diameter to be 350 mm. and the height 225 mm. It 
is of fair symmetry of form. The pit is 150 mm. deep and rounded 
at the bottom. Numerous fragments of other mortars do not show a 
high degree of workmanship. They are made of either sandstone or 
basalt. 

Paint mortars.——Externally all the paint mortars are naturally 
shaped stones, except possibly a fragmentary specimen from the 
smaller mound. The materials of which they are made include: 3 of 
sandstone, 1 of some dense igneous rock like basalt, and 1 of vesicular 
rhyolite. Their sizes are: maximum diameters, 80-136 mm. ; minimum 
diameters, 80-92 mm.; height, 50-65 mm.; diameter of pit, 50-60 mm. ; 
depth of pit, 7-24 mm. . 


1924] Loud: The Stege Mounds at Richmond, California 365 


HAMMER STONES 


Pebble hammers.—There are 23 objects which are certainly hammer 
stones, as proved by their bruised or fractured ends. There is con- 
siderable variety in both shape and weight, so much so that there are 
possibly two classes of implements. The smaller specimens ranging in 
weight from 80 to 300 grams are probably pecking stones, and were 
used for shaping implements or for other very light work. In fashion- 
ing implements from granular materials the undesirable portions of 
rock are crumbled away by a rapid series of blows with a light hammer. 
The heaviest pebble hammer stone, 545 grams in weight, and several 
somewhat smaller specimens, would be sufficiently heavy for use where 
greater blows were needed, such as in roughly blocking out implements 
before the pecking process began. 

More than a third of the pebble hammer stones are of unknown 
igneous rocks, the remainder seeming about equally divided between 
rhyolite,, quartzite, dense conglomerate, and sandstone, of which the 
last-mentioned is a very unsuitable material. _ 

Worked globular hammer.—This is an important type of imple- 
ment and has not been previously described. Thirty-eight specimens 
were found. Most of the specimens are globular, 60 to 85 mm. in 
diameter, but there is a tendency to have several flat faces; for 
example, one hammer has six sides with the corners and edges worked 
off to make the object roughly globular. Though their use might be 
somewhat conjectural, they are probably a form of hammer stone, as 
they are almost always made of compact durable materials, which are 
present in great variety. 


CHARMSTONES 


Although charmstones are widely distributed in central and 
southern California and have been repeatedly illustrated and described 
by previous writers,'* they are always of interest because of their 
almost limitless diversity of form. Charmstones have been found in 
nearly every excavated site about San Francisco bay, although they 
are scarcely numerous enough to be considered plentiful. The 42 
specimens from the larger Stege mound are an unusual number to be 
obtained at a single site and present a remarkable variety of form; 

14 Uhle, op. cit., 51-56; N. C. Nelson, op. cit., 388. For a more extended 


bibliography, see article ‘‘Plummets’’ in Handbook of American Indians, Bull. 
80, Bur. Am. Ethn. 


366 University of California Publcations in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol.17 


but they also show an unusual lack of finish, both as regards symmetry 
of form and polish. All the complete specimens, as well as several 
that are fragmentary, are illustrated in plate 19. In only a few 
instances has any attempt been made at polishing, and in no ease did 
the polishing reach perfection. Nearly all of the specimens show the 
peck marks, while many are only crudely blocked out. 
Material—Greenstone is the prevailing material of which the Stege 
charmstones are made, although there are a few of other material, as 
follows: 5 of sandstone, 2 of basalt, and 1 of actinolite. Two of the 
sandstone specimens came from the smaller mound. Figure 8 of 
plate 19 shows a specimen of a most unusual material, with one 
exception? never before found, to the writer’s knowledge, in any 
California shellmound. It is a green erystaline rock, actinolite 
(CaMg,Fe.Si,0,,), with properties similar to nephrite and jade.*® 


WORKED GREENSTONE SCHIST 


The stone implements include about 40 specimens of worked green- 
stone schist. Besides these, 12 probably are in the first stage in the 
manufacture of charmstones, as they are roughly blocked out in the 
general form of charmstones; they remained unfinished, or were broken 
in the progess of manufacture. Two other fragmentary specimens 
look more as though intended for pestles. 

There was one specimen of greenstone schist roughly pecked into a 
disk 97 mm. in diameter, lens-shaped in cross-section, 25 mm. thick. 
The largest piece of worked greenstone schist found on the mound 
weighs 1113 grams (39 oz.). It is roughly pecked on all sides, being 
shaped somewhat like an apple seed, with the dimensions of 137 mm., 
94 mm., and 58mm. After recent storms, the writer found so many 
pieces of greenstone schist, some of them slightly worked and others 
unworked, that no attempt was made to save them. 

There was considerable trade by exchange among Indians, and it 
is probable that certain villages became noted as manufacturing 
centers for particular articles. In any event, the larger Stege mound 
was a manufacturing site for implements of greenstone schist. It is 


15 N. C. Nelson, ibid., 389, says, ‘‘In one instance the attempt has been made 
to dress and fashion a piece of actinolite.’’ 


16 Charmstones, with their various other names such as lucky-stones and 
medicine stones, were supposed by the Indians to possess a strong spirit and to 
have supernatural powers. Similarly in Europe, certain stones were formerly 
supposed to cure disease; for example, nephrite, the ‘‘ kidney stone,’’ and jade, 
the ‘‘stone of the side.’’ 


1924 | Loud: The Stege Mounds at Richmond, California 367 


probable that the inhabitants got their material from the mouth of 
Wildcat canon, three miles distant, where, in the bed of the stream, 
there are greenstone schist boulders of all sizes—up to 138 feet in 
diameter. 


WHETSTONES 


Thirty-one specimens of longish whetstones were found. Most are 
of sandstone, but some of igneous rock with the texture of basalt. All 
are of materials such as would be expected in an abrading implement. 
There are but few complete specimens, most of them being broken off. 
Some partially worked whetstones and charmstones of sandstone are 
indistinguishable.*’ The whetstones of the present collection are from 
30 to 48 mm. in width (average 39 mm.), and from 20 to 35 mm. in 
thickness (average 26 mm.). Five complete specimens are from 106 
to 123 mm. in length (average 118 mm.).'S Three specimens are shown 
on plate 20, figures 5 to 7. 

Inasmuch as the larger Stege mound was a manufacturing center 
for greenstone objects, it is probable that the whetstones were used in 
the finishing process after the rock had first been brought into shape 
by pecking. The same remarks apply equally to the mound at Ellis 
Landing, where whetstones have been found and where Nelson states 
that more than 70 charmstones were obtained.’® 

While the preceding description applies to the ordinary type of 
whetstone, there is one specimen which had originally been a cylin- 
drical pestle 167 mm. in length and 60 mm. in diameter. One side, 
however, had been so flattened by use as a whetstone that it was only 
34 mm. thick. Such a whetstone could have been used in polishing 
large implements, as for example, other pestles. 


VARIOUS STONE OBJECTS 


Perforated disk—A problematical object of glaucophane schist 
(pl. 20, fig. 13) has the sides roughly flat and parallel, the thickness 
varying from 12 to 16 mm., and the diameters from 115 to 126 mm. 

Cylindrical stone.—Plate 19, figure 1, shows an object made of 
basalt. It is a symmetrically fashioned cylinder 42 mm. in diameter 


17 One complete charmstone from Ellis Landing, no. 1-13276, has also been 
used as a whetstone, as shown by two flat faces. 


18 Five complete specimens from Ellis Landing are longer, 138 to 164 mm. 
(average 149 mm.). 


19 N. C. Nelson, ibid., 386, 388. 


368 University of California Publcations in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [ Vol. 17 


and 39 mm. long. Similar objects, although rare, are occasionally 
found in various parts of California. They are often classed as ear 
or lip plugs. This is however one of the largest specimens seen, 
weighing 128 grams. It was found in association with a skeleton. 
The writer has no suggestion to make as to its use. 

Girdled stone-—The specimen shown as figure 15 of plate 19 is of 
unusual form for a charmstone, very few similar specimens having been 
found previously in the San Francisco bay mounds. Also, it is made 
of an unusual material for charmstones—a very poor grade, loose- 
textured sandstone. A few roughly similar specimens have been found 
in the Sacramento Valley and at Humboldt bay,?° although the latter 
region produces no charmstones of the ‘‘plummet’’ form. 


CONCLUSIONS 


The Stege mounds are smaller than the Ellis Landing, West 
Berkeley, and Emeryville mounds situated on the same Oakland— 
Richmond beach, and at first seemed likely to reveal less of prehistoric 
importance. But analysis of their artifact contents reveals interesting 
differences. Thus it shows that the larger Stege site was a place where 
greenstone was manufactured; whereas the smaller one, although so 
near by, abounds in bird bones and bone implements, ash layers, and 
calcined shells, materials which are almost lacking in the larger mound. 
The explanation: that the smaller mound was a mere camp-site or 
hunting station of a permanent village situated on the larger, seems 
disproved by the occurrence of burials in both. There seems to have 
been a difference, also, as regards stone implements, although the 
small number of such pieces recovered from the smaller mound makes 
comparisons less incisive. Mortar and pestle fragments constitute 43 
per cent of the stone artifacts in the smaller mound, only 15 per cent 
in the larger; for sinkers, the respective proportions are 30 per cent 
and 63 per cent. “ 

Similar differences appear among all the mounds of this stretch 
of beach. West Berkeley ,is notably rich in sinkers. The Furlong 
exploration yielded about 147 of these pieces, 136 other stone imple- 
ments, 54 artifacts of materials other than stone—all now in the 
University Museum of Anthropology. <A later excavation by J. 
Peterson produced 12 sinkers out of 82 artifacts. This makes the 
frequency of sinkers at West Berkeley 38 per cent. Fishing must have 
been an important occupation. 


20 L. L. Loud, op. cit., 364, pl. 17, fig. 8. 


1924] Loud: The Stege Mounds at Richmond, California 369 


The Emeryville mound, on the other hand, is almost lacking in 
these implements. Uhle indeed speaks of ‘‘about 18 sinker-like 
stones,’’*t but most of these are charmstones or perforated stones. Of 
girdled or notched sinkers, there were apparently only two or three. 
This conclusion is confirmed by the fact that a shaft sunk to the 
bottom of the mound by Nelson in 1906 did not produce a single 
sinker among 67 implements. 

Ellis Landing, it seems likely, stood intermediate between West 
Berkeley and Emeryville. Nelson obtained about 50 sinkers from the 
upper layers, and a dozen more from the bottom of his shaft.?* 
Peterson in a brief exploration got 12 sinkers and 19 other artifacts. 

On the basis of the findings in these mounds it might be imagined 
that the differences merely reflected environment: that the waters 
about West Berkeley, Ellis Landing, and Stege were favorable, and 
those near Emeryville unfavorable, for net fishing, much as Gifford 
found the shell constituents of mounds on all parts of San Francisco 
bay to agree rather closely with the modern frequency of molluscan 
species in the vicinity.2* But such an inference is vitiated by the 
striking discrepance between the two Stege mounds, which lay only 
a hundred yards apart. This discrepance is difficult to explain 
except on the basis that these two mounds were occupied by people 
following somewhat different modes of subsistence, and therefore 
presumably living at different times. Such a conclusion might then 
apply also to the other mounds, the cultural variations between these 
being due to relative age as well as to environment. 

What the respective periods of the several mounds actually were, 
there seems to be no present means of determining. The probability 
of chronological differences, however, emphasizes the need of further 
intensive exploration of small as well as large mounds. The problems 
of prehistory in this area, especially the gradual development of its 
culture, can be solved only with fuller and more exact data. But the 
present study suggests that the problems are soluble. 


2 (ine, (een, BP 
22 Op. cit., 387. 
22109. ctt., 7. 


Fig. 


a 
a9 


Figs 


PLATE 18 


SINKERS AND PESTLES 


. 1-10, sinkers, .3 natural size; all, except possibly fig. 5, from mound 
1, 1-23446, 120x97x22mm., 437 grams. 
2. 1-23784, 85x55x50mm., 299 grams. 
3. 1-23413, 125x 70x60 mm., 760 grams. 
4, 1-23392, 78x41x3lmm., 129 grams. 
5. 1-23523, 56x44x35 mm., 125 grams, 
6. 1-23394, 99x66x16mm., 178 grams. 
7. 1-23408, 86x 62x62 mm., 459 grams. 
8. 1-23822, 72x50x27 mm., 139 grams. 
9, 1-23451, 144 x 95x 27 mm., 597 grams. 
10. 1-23445, 105 x 67 x 34mm., 435 grams. 
. 11-21, pestles, .26 natural size. Figs. 14, 17, 18, paint pestles. Fig. 11, 


of vesicular andesite; figs. 12, 13, 15, 21, of arkose sandstone; figs. 16, greenstone; 


all othe 


rs of sandstone or igneous rock. Fig. 15, 17 from mound no. 298; all 


others from mound no. 300. 


Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Inyo, 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 


11. 1-23629, 225 x 71 mm. 
12. 1-23379, 163 x 68 mm. 
13. 1-23371, 135 x 62mm. 
14, 1-23367, 111 x54 mm. 
15. 1-23492, 115 x 62 mm. 
16. 1-23380, 163 x 66 mm. 
17. 1-23491, 1385 x 38 mm. 
18. 1-23683, 123 x 48 mm. 
19, 1-23358, 89x 57 mm. 
20. 1-23382, 240 x 60 mm. 
21. 1-23376, 155 x 64 mm. 


[370] 


UNIV. CALIF, PUBL. AM, ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 17 PEOU BD] REATE 18 











PLATE 19 
CHARMSTONES 


Fig. 1, cylindrical stone; fig. 15, girdled stone; all others, charmstones of the 
‘‘plummet’’ type. Figs. 1, 2, 6, of basalt; fig. 8, actinolite; figs. 5, 15, 16, sand- 
stone; all others of greenstone. Figs. 3, 9, 10, obtained in excavating a shaft in 
mound no. 300 at depths of 3.7, 2, and .5 feet; figs. 15 and 16, from mound 
no. 298; all others, from mound no. 300. AJl .5 natural size, 


Fig. 1. 1-23522, 39x42 mm. 

Fig. 2. 1-23304, 51x46 mm. 

Fig. 3. 1-23258, length 74 mm. 
Fig. 4. 1-23305, 61x 45 mm. 

Fig. 5. 1-23303, 98 x 30 mm. 

Fig. 6. 1-23301, 73 x 29 mm. 

Fig. 7. 1-23299, 51x 23 (x14) mm. 
Fig. 8. 1-23300, 63 x 27mm. 

Fig. 9. 1-23257, 75 x 29 mm. 

Fig. 10. 1-23256, 63 x 32 (x 27) mm. 
Fig.11. 1-23306, 77 x 32 (x 18) mm. 
Fig. 12. 1—-23313, 85 x 32 mm. 

Fig. 13. 1-23302, 82x36 mm. 

Fig. 14. 1-24049, 60 x 37 mm. 
Fig.15. 1-23471, 65 x 44 mm. 

Fig. 16. 1-23469, 80x 34 mm. 


[372] 


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4. The Wintun Hesi Ceremony, by ’s. A. Barrett. Pp. 437-488, Plates 22-23, 0° fe 
8 figures in text,” Mareh,,1919° "aes a a ale eaten 5 oS 
5. The Genetic Relationship. of ‘the North American Indian” Languages, by oa 
Paul Radin. Pp. 489-502, May,1919 0.0002... FUSS pas MBLC FaGMEE : 18 eA Ve 
Index, pp. 503-506,” d Rs see 
° VoL 15. 1. Ifugao Law, by BR. F. Barton. Pp. 1-186, plates 1-33. Pebrukey 1919. sntees’ | B00. (OMS 25 
2. Nabaloi: Songs, by C. RB: Moss and A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 187-206. May, 1919 | t peO aie “ 
3. Nabaloi Law and Ritual, by C. R. Moss. Pp. 207-342, plates: BEST: October, 175 ie kr 
gS 2 Raa ee Pees MANS oa) ean PANTS ek PSN IE a OIE Mey GAR Roe nae ET Salo g Mig SEC a ee ties Bi Veal? 
4, Kankanay Ceremonies, by C. RB. Moss. Pp. 343-384. ‘Oceabay, 1920 fans Bcd 





* - 6. Ifugao Economics, by R. F. Barton. Pp.'385-446, plates 38-45. feos 1998 100 
Vol. 16. 1. Myths of the Southern Sierra Miwok, by S. A. Barrett. Pp. 1-28. Mery gab: © ang 
VOTO 6 ye ath Ee ok ee a ae ae a ee a “$0 BA 
2. The Matrilineal Complex, by Robert H. Lowie. Pp. 29-46. March, 1919...” a 15 hae 1a? 
8. The Linguistic Families of California, by Roland B. Dixon and A. L.. a ee Ney 
Kroeber. Pp, 47-118, map 1, 1 figure in text. September, 1919... AT foe aK 
4, Calendars of the Indians North of Mexico, by Leona ‘Cope. -Pp. At: 176, Wy Sires 
with:$ maps.. November, 1919/2.) Se oe eh ee eae me oy a 
5. Yurok Geography, by T. T. Waterman. Pp. 177.314, "plates: 1-16, 1 text 
figure, 84°maps, ‘\MEty) E920 40 8! ie i ee ee aueseee sretnatantetben 2.00 y 
6.. The Cahuilla Indians, by Lucile Hooper. Pp. 315. 380. April, 1920 0.00)... Raita et: 2.75. i; if xs 
7. The Autobiography of a Winnebago Indian, by Paul Badin. | BAe 381473, sobs 
PVT TOZQ) Ee Rp Ly i Re J ag A Ge ee ee es “1.00 eS 
8. Yuman Tribes of the Lower Colorado, by A. L. Kroeber. “Pp. “A756 485) a. oa fy 
1 






























Aree TODOS iF ee ae ee oy ee ee Ne [eae ne ee li 

. The Sources and Authenticity of the History of the Ancient iexicang, by 
Paul Radin: Pp. 1-150, 17 plates. June, 1920) 20. se onc 

2. California Culture: Provinces, by A. L. Kroeber.. “Bp. 151169, 2 maps. 
September; 192070 ei Maa a eee ee i oe ge cea a. oD 

3. Winter and Summer Dance Series in Zuiii in 1918, by Hisie Clews Parsons. rhe A 
Pp. 171-216, 2 figures in text.” August,1922 | je ae lect etesehoe 


Vol. 17. 


4, Habitat of the Pitch Indians, a: Wailaki Division, by Pliny Earle Goddard. ei mae 
Pp. 217-225, 3 figures in text. February, 1924 4.000... AS pieces 25 os 
5. Nabaloi Tales, by C. R. Moss. Pp. 227-353. “September, 1924 ey eeaelt Side) pdt LT. 


6, The Stege Mounds at Richmond, California, by Llewellyn. L. Juetd. ‘ius 
355-372, plates 18, 19, 1 figure in text. September, L924 AN as 
Vol. 18: 1. Californian Kinship Terminologies, by Edward Winslow Gifford. Bp. 1385, 






with’29 maps, | December, 1922: 755.2 sa ON eager ec aeenta ie 
Vol. 19. 1. Wappo Texts, First Series, by Paul Radin. Pp. 1-147. February, joes 
Vol. 20. The Phoebe Apperson Hearst Memorial Volume. xvi a 389 PP, zi plates, | 
; 22 figures, in text.’ December, 1928) ..2i'e 0. ua eee : 5.00 


Vol. 21; 1. The Uhle Collections from Chincha, by A. L. Kroeber ana William Duncan 
os A §$trong. Pp, 1-54, plates 1-24, 27 figures in text. - i 
2. Explorations at Chincha, by Max Uhle. Pp. 55-94, 1 figure in text 


Nos. 1 and 2 in one cover. jrenaecners 1924 bates nee "e>> fia) a ise 


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